李盛, 王金玉, 高青, 郑艳妮, 杨海霞, 魏巧珍, 冯亚莉, 李守禹, 李普, 刘琼, 任晓卫, 王称. 2019─2020年兰州市大气PM2.5中金属元素污染特征及健康风险评估[J]. 环境与职业医学, 2022, 39(5): 519-526. DOI: 10.11836/JEOM21400
引用本文: 李盛, 王金玉, 高青, 郑艳妮, 杨海霞, 魏巧珍, 冯亚莉, 李守禹, 李普, 刘琼, 任晓卫, 王称. 2019─2020年兰州市大气PM2.5中金属元素污染特征及健康风险评估[J]. 环境与职业医学, 2022, 39(5): 519-526. DOI: 10.11836/JEOM21400
LI Sheng, WANG Jinyu, GAO Qing, ZHENG Yanni, YANG Haixia, WEI Qiaozhen, FENG Yali, LI Shouyu, LI Pu, LIU Qiong, REN Xiaowei, WANG Cheng. Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of metal elements in atmospheric PM2.5 in Lanzhou City from 2019 to 2020[J]. Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, 2022, 39(5): 519-526. DOI: 10.11836/JEOM21400
Citation: LI Sheng, WANG Jinyu, GAO Qing, ZHENG Yanni, YANG Haixia, WEI Qiaozhen, FENG Yali, LI Shouyu, LI Pu, LIU Qiong, REN Xiaowei, WANG Cheng. Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of metal elements in atmospheric PM2.5 in Lanzhou City from 2019 to 2020[J]. Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, 2022, 39(5): 519-526. DOI: 10.11836/JEOM21400

2019─2020年兰州市大气PM2.5中金属元素污染特征及健康风险评估

Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of metal elements in atmospheric PM2.5 in Lanzhou City from 2019 to 2020

  • 摘要: 背景 大气污染物中PM2.5及其吸附的金属元素是影响公众健康的重要因素。

    目的 探究2019—2020年兰州市大气PM2. 5中金属元素的分布特征及金属来源,并评估金属元素经吸入途径对不同人群的健康风险。

    方法 于2019年1月至2020年12月在兰州市两区(城关区和西固区)定期监测PM2.5及金属元素锑(Sb)、铝(Al)、砷(As)、铍(Be)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)、锰(Mn)、镍(Ni)、硒(Se)和铊(Tl)的质量浓度(后简称:浓度)(因Be、Cr、Hg、Ni和Se 5种元素检出率<70%,后续未做分析),用中位数M和第25、75百分位数(P25P75)描述不符合正态分布的PM2.5和金属元素浓度,按GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》中二级浓度限值进行比对;两组中位数的差异比较用Mann-Whitney U秩和检验,多组中位数比较采用Kruskal-Wallis H秩和检验;采用富集因子(EF)法和主成分分析法对金属的污染程度及其来源进行评价;利用终生致癌风险(ILC)模型和非致癌风险评估模型的总危害指数(HI)及危害商值(HQ),分别对PM2.5中5种非致癌金属(Sb、Al、Pb、Mn、Tl)和2种致癌金属(As、Cd)进行健康风险评估。

    结果 兰州市2019、2020年PM2.5浓度的中MP25P75)分别为38.50(26.00,65.00)和41.00(29.00,63.10)μg·m−3。2020年与2019年之间PM2.5浓度差异无统计学意义(Z=−0.989,P>0.05)。各金属元素浓度的M由高到低为:Al> Pb> Mn> As> Cd> Sb> Tl,且2019年各金属元素年均浓度均高于2020年(P<0.05)。城关区和西固区PM2.5浓度的MP25P75)分别为52.98(17.00,61.00)、55.40(17.00,67.00)μg·m−3,差异无统计学意义(P<0.05);城关区Sb和Al的浓度均低于西固区(P<0.05),其他金属元素的浓度在两区之间无差异(P>0.05)。而春夏秋冬四个季节比较,兰州市PM2.5和7种金属元素的浓度均存在季节差异(除PAl=0.007外,其余均P<0.001)。富集因子法结果显示:6种金属元素(Sb、Al、As、Cd、Pb和Tl)的EF值均大于1。其中,除As外,其他金属元素的EF值均大于10,且Al和Cd的EF值均大于100。主成分分析法结果显示,三个主成分方差贡献率分别为45.61%、24.22%和14.42%,累计贡献率达到84.25%。主成分1包括Pb、As、Cd和Sb,主成分2包括Al和Mn,主成分3为Tl。5种金属非致癌风险从高到低依次为:Al>Mn>Pb>Tl>Sb,其中除Al元素对成人的HQ值大于1外,其余4种非致癌金属元素对成人和儿童的HQ值均小于1。致癌金属As对成年男性、成年女性及儿童的ILC值分别为2.68×10−5、2.51×10−5和1.45×10−5;致癌金属Cd对成年男性、成年女性及儿童的ILC值分别为1.53×10−6、1.43×10−6和8.26×10−7

    结论 兰州市存在大气PM2.5及其金属污染情况,其中As和Cd对人群可能存在潜在致癌风险。

     

    Abstract: Background Air pollutants PM2.5 and its adsorbed metal elements are important factors affecting public health.

    Objective To explore the distribution characteristics and sources of metal elements in atmospheric PM2.5 in Lanzhou from 2019 to 2020, and to assess the health risks of metal elements to different groups of residents through inhalation.

    Methods From January 2019 to December 2020 in two districts of Lanzhou City (Chengguan District and Xigu District), regular PM2.5 and metal elements antimony (Sb), aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), and thallium (Tl) were regularly monitored, and their concentrations were described by the median (M) and 25th and 75th percentiles (P25, P75) as not following a normal distribution (because the detection rates of the five elements Be, Cr, Hg, Ni, and Se were less than 70%, the five elements were not included in subsequent analysis), and then compared with the secondary concentration limits in the Ambient Air Quality Standards (GB 3095-2012). The differences between the medians of the two groups were compared by the Mann-Whitney U rank sum test, and the differences among the medians of multiple groups were compared by the Kruskal-Wallis H rank sum test; the enrichment factor (EF) method and principal component analysis were used to evaluate the pollution degree of the metals and their sources; the health risks of five non-carcinogenic metals (Sb, Al, Pb, Mn, and Tl) and two carcinogenic metals (As and Cd) in PM2.5 were evaluated by hazard index (HI) and hazard quotient (HQ) using the incremental lifetime cancer risk (LCR) model and the non-carcinogenic risk assessment model, respectively.

    Results The PM2.5 concentrations M (P25, P75) in Lanzhou City were 38.50 (26.00, 65.00) and 41.00 (29.00, 63.10) μg·m−3 in 2019 and 2020, respectively, and the difference was not statistically significant (Z=−0.989,P > 0.05). The average levels of the metal elements from high to low were: Al > Pb > Mn > As > Cd > Sb > Tl, and the annual average concentration of each metal element in 2019 was higher than that in 2020 ( P<0.05). TheM ( P25, P75) of PM2.5 concentrations in Chengguan and Xigu districts were 52.98 (17.00, 61.00) and 55.40 (17.00, 67.00) μg·m−3, respectively, with no statistically significant differences (P<0.05); the concentrations of Sb and Al in Chengguan District were lower than those in Xigu District (P<0.05), and the concentrations of other metal elements were not different between the two areas (P>0.05). There were seasonal differences in the concentrations of PM2.5 and seven metal elements in Lanzhou City (except PAl=0.007, the other Ps < 0.001). The results of the enrichment factor method showed that the EF values of the six metals (Sb, Al, As, Cd, Pb and Tl) were all greater than 1. Among them, except As, the EF values of other metal elements were all greater than 10, and the EF values of Al and Cd were both greater than 100. The results of principal component analysis showed that the variance contributions of the three principal components were 45.61%, 24.22%, and 14.42%, and the cumulative contribution reached 84.25%. The principal component 1 included Pb, As, Cd, and Sb, the principal component 2 included Al and Mn, and the principal component 3 contained Tl. The non-carcinogenic risks of the five metals were, in descending order, Al > Mn > Pb > Tl > Sb, among which the HQ values of the remaining four metals were less than 1 for adults and children, except the HQ value of Al for adults, which was greater than 1. The ILC values of carcinogenic metal As for adult males, adult females, and children were 2.68×10 −5, 2.51×10−5, and 1.45×10−5, respectively; the ILC values of carcinogenic metal Cd for adult males, adult females, and children were 1.53×10−6, 1.43×10−6, and 8.26×10−7, respectively.

    Conclusion There is pollution of atmospheric PM2.5 and its adsorbed metal elements in Lanzhou. As and Cd elements may pose potential carcinogenic risks to the residents.

     

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