江南宇, 董一丹, 秦东亮, 黄文初, 何丽华. 装配制造企业作业人员工效学负荷与工作相关肌肉骨骼疾患的关系[J]. 环境与职业医学, 2022, 39(6): 600-608. DOI: 10.11836/JEOM22079
引用本文: 江南宇, 董一丹, 秦东亮, 黄文初, 何丽华. 装配制造企业作业人员工效学负荷与工作相关肌肉骨骼疾患的关系[J]. 环境与职业医学, 2022, 39(6): 600-608. DOI: 10.11836/JEOM22079
JIANG Nanyu, DONG Yidan, QIN Dongliang, HUANG Wenchu, HE Lihua. Relationship between ergonomic exposures and work-related musculoskeletal disorders of assembly workers in assembly manufacturing enterprises[J]. Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, 2022, 39(6): 600-608. DOI: 10.11836/JEOM22079
Citation: JIANG Nanyu, DONG Yidan, QIN Dongliang, HUANG Wenchu, HE Lihua. Relationship between ergonomic exposures and work-related musculoskeletal disorders of assembly workers in assembly manufacturing enterprises[J]. Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, 2022, 39(6): 600-608. DOI: 10.11836/JEOM22079

装配制造企业作业人员工效学负荷与工作相关肌肉骨骼疾患的关系

Relationship between ergonomic exposures and work-related musculoskeletal disorders of assembly workers in assembly manufacturing enterprises

  • 摘要: 背景 我国制造业仍属劳动密集型产业,装配制造业从业人员面临着较大的工作相关肌肉骨骼疾患(WMSDs)发生风险。

    目的 调查分析装配制造业作业人员WMSDs的发生及分布情况,探索工效学负荷(姿势负荷及心理负荷)与WMSDs的关系。

    方法 于2017年7—9月,采用横断面调查,以方便抽样的方式选择我国北方两城市装配制造行业三家企业中的电子配件组装、轨道客车制造装配作业人员670人作为研究对象进行问卷调查。依据课题组自主研制的“中国肌肉骨骼疾患问卷”评价姿势负荷,采用经修订的中文版“主观负荷评价技术量表”评价心理负荷,使用非条件logistic回归模型探索工效学负荷与WMSDs发生的关系。

    结果 研究对象的总体WMSDs发生率为39.6%(265/670);男性为43.8%,女性为25.2%;40岁及以上组发生率最高,为47.7%。电子配件组装作业人员WMSDs发生率为16.9%,轨道客车制造装配作业人员为57.3%,差异有统计学意义( \chi ^2 =112.63,P<0.001)。研究对象的心理负荷中位数(第一四分位数,第三四分位数)为55.6(51.9,83.3)分,姿势负荷为27.1(16.0,41.5)分。非条件logistic回归模型分析结果显示:女性(OR=3.152,95%CI:1.458~6.813)、饮酒者(OR=1.934,95%CI:1.124~3.326)、工作类别是轨道客车制造(OR=3.416,95%CI:1.756~6.644)者WMSDs的发生风险更高;心理负荷越高(OR=1.019,95%CI:1.007~1.031)、姿势负荷越高(OR=1.034,95%CI:1.019~1.050),则WMSDs的发生风险越高。分层分析显示:对于电子配件组装人员,年龄越大(30~39岁、40岁及以上年龄段发生风险分别是30岁以下作业人员的2.526、12.263倍),姿势负荷越高(OR=1.025,95%CI:1.002~1.049),WMSDs的发生风险越高;对于轨道客车装配作业人员,饮酒者(OR=2.035,95%CI:1.155~3.583)、肥胖者(OR=3.094,95%CI:1.185~8.078)WMSDs的发生风险更高,心理负荷越高(OR=1.013,95%CI:1.001~1.025)、姿势负荷越高(OR=1.033,95%CI:1.018~1.049),WMSDs的发生风险越高。

    结论 装配制造业作业人员的工效学负荷(姿势负荷及心理负荷)大小与WMSDs发生风险之间存在关联,饮酒也是WMSDs的可能危险因素;装配制造业女性作业人员的WMSDs发生风险高于男性;相对于电子配件组装作业人员,轨道客车制造作业人员WMSDs的发生率较高。

     

    Abstract: Background China's manufacturing industry is still labor-intensive, and assembly employees in manufacturing industry are facing a great risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs).

    Objective To investigate and analyze the prevalence and distribution of WMSDs among assembly workers in manufacturing enterprises and explore the relationship between WMSDs and ergonomic exposure factors such as posture load and mental load.

    Methods From July to September 2017, by convenient sampling, a cross-sectional survey was conducted to select 670 workers engaged in electronic accessories assembly and railway vehicle manufacturing in three manufacturing enterprises in two cities in northern China as the research participants. The posture load assessment was based on the Chinese Musculoskeletal Questionnaire independently developed by our research group. The mental load assessment was based on a revised Chinese version of the Subjective Workload Assessment Technique. An unconditional logistic regression model was used to explore the relationship between ergonomic exposure and WMSDs.

    Results The overall prevalence rate of WMSDs was 39.6% (265/670) with 43.8% in males and 25.2% in females; the highest prevalence rate was 47.7% in the group aged 40 years and over. The prevalence rate of WMSDs in the electronic accessories assembly workers was 16.9%, that in the railway vehicle manufacturing workers was 57.3%, and the difference was statistically significant ( \chi ^2 =112.63, P<0.001). The mental load score median (first quartile, third quartile) was 55.6 (51.9, 83.3) points, and the posture load score was 27.1 (16.0, 41.5) points. The results of unconditional logistic regression model showed that women (OR=3.152, 95%CI: 1.458-6.813), drinkers (OR=1.934, 95%CI: 1.124-3.326), and railway vehicle manufacturing worker (OR=3.416, 95%CI: 1.756-6.644) had a higher risk of reporting WMSDs; The higher the mental load (OR=1.019, 95%CI: 1.007-1.031) and posture load (OR=1.034, 95%CI: 1.019-1.050), the higher the risk of reporting WMSDs. The hierarchical analysis results showed that the risk of reporting WMSDs was higher among the electronic accessories assembly workers who were older (compared with those aged <30 years, OR30-39=2.526 and OR≥40=12.263, respectively) and with higher posture load (OR=1.025, 95%CI: 1.002-1.049), as well as among the railway vehicle manufacturing workers who were drinking (OR=2.035, 95%CI: 1.155-3.583), obese (OR=3.094, 95%CI: 1.185-8.078), with higher mental load (OR=1.013, 95%CI: 1.001-1.025) and posture load (OR=1.033, 95%CI: 1.018-1.049).

    Conclusion There is a significant correlation between reporting WMSDs and ergonomic exposures such as posture load and mental load, and drinking is also a risk factor of WMSDs. The risk of reporting WMSDs in female workers in assembly manufacturing industry is higher than that in male workers. The overall prevalence rate of WMSDs in railway vehicle manufacturing workers is higher than that in electronic accessories assembly workers.

     

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