9家晶硅太阳能电池企业职业病危害调查
Survey on Occupational Hazards in Nine Crystal Silicon Solar Cell Manufactories
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摘要:
目的 调查并认别晶硅太阳能电池生产过程中各生产单元的职业病危害因素并提出针对性的防治对策。 方法 对江苏省9 家晶硅太阳能生产企业开展职业卫生学现场调查、职业病危害因素监测及职业病危害作业分级。 结果 该9 家企业分别含有硅片、电池片、组件及研发等1 个以上的生产工艺。其中硅片生产中主要的职业病危害因素有碳化硅粉尘及噪声,其砂浆制取岗位粉尘暴露超标,为1 级危害作业,硅片打磨、清洗等岗位为II 级噪声作业岗位;电池片及研发中心使用大量的易燃易爆及强腐蚀性化学物,工人接触氮化硅粉尘、硝酸、氢氟酸、硫酸、盐酸、氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、氢氧化钙、氯、三氯氧磷、五氧化二磷、二氧化氮、氨、硅烷、银铝浆、松油醇、异丙醇、乙醇、甲醇及高温、微波及电离辐射等职业危害因素;组件生产则以铅、锡、铜、噪声及不良工作体位等职业危害因素为主。各岗位毒物接触均符合国家卫生标准,为相对无害作业;各企业的职业健康体检率较低,员工出现与职业接触相关的贫血、肝功能异常、尿氟超标、尿铅超标、听力损失等异常体征。各企业均建有较完整的职业卫生管理措施。 结论 硅片生产中粉尘和噪声危害较大,晶硅太阳能电池片生产潜在急性中毒和化学性灼伤的危险,应落实员工职业健康体检。 Abstract:Objective To investigate and identify the occupational hazards in all crystal solar cell production elements, and to suggest occupational hazard control measures. Methods An occupational hygiene survey was conducted in nine crystal silicon solar cell manufactories in Jiangsu Province. Occupational hazardous factors were monitored and work tasks exposed to occupational hazards were classified according to relevant national regulation. Results The production process of the nine manufactories contained one or more techniques including silicon wafer, solar cell, module, and research and development. The main occupational hazardous factors in the silicon wafer production were silicon carbide dust and noise, in which the slurry preparing was classified as lever-I hazardous job because the dust exposure exceeded the relevant standard, and the polishing and cleaning were classified as level-II. A variety of inflammable, explosive, and highly corrosive chemicals were used in the cell production and the research and development, and the employees were exposed to silicon nitride dust, nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, chlorine, phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus pentoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ammonia, silanes, aluminum silver paste, terpineol, isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, methanol, heat stress, microwave, and ionizing radiation. The main occupational hazards in the module production were lead, tin, copper, noise, and awkward work posture. The chemical concentrations were below the related national occupational exposure limits. The coverage rate of occupational health examination was low. Anemia, abnormal liver function, excessive urine fluorine, excessive urine lead, and hearing loss in the employees were recorded. All the plants were equipped with established occupational health management. Conclusion Dust and noise are identified as the outstanding occupational hazards in wafer production. There is a potential risk of acute poisoning and chemical burns in the crystal silicon solar cell production. Therefore, occupational health examinations should cover every employee.
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