上海市部分典型公共场所吸烟室烟草烟雾污染水平及人群禁烟态度
Exposure level of tobacco smoke in smoking rooms of selected public places and attitude towards smoking ban in Shanghai
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摘要:
目的 了解上海市部分公共交通等候室及办公场所吸烟室（点）烟草烟雾污染水平和人群对公共场所全面禁烟的态度。
方法 在上海某机场3个吸烟室（A1、A2和B）、2个火车站的各1个吸烟室（C1和C2）、某办公楼宇吸烟室（D）及各吸烟室外1、3、5和10 m处设置监测点，并在该机场2个常用候机出发口隔离门外2 m（分别近室外吸烟点O1和O2）、隔离门之间和隔离门内2 m设置监测点，现场检测细颗粒物（PM2.5）和一氧化碳（CO）实时质量浓度（后称“浓度”），并实时观察吸烟室人数变化；采集机场吸烟室排风管烟垢进行实验室检测；并抽取乘客开展有关禁烟态度的问卷调查。Kruskal-Wallis检验比较各监测点间空气污染物浓度，χ2检验比较组间率的差异，Spearman秩相关分析吸烟室PM2.5浓度与吸烟室人数的相关性。
结果 各场所吸烟室内PM2.5全部超过国家GB 3095-2012《环境空气质量标准》的二级标准，最高浓度可达34 800 μg/m3，超标463倍。各场所吸烟室污染范围和超标率不等，PM2.5浓度依吸烟室距离增加呈逐渐降低趋势，表现为吸烟室>门外1 m >门外3 m >门外5 m >门外10 m；因场地面积和通风方式等因素的不同，各场所PM2.5超标率表现为办公楼宇>火车站>机场；吸烟室PM2.5浓度与吸烟室人数呈正相关（r=0.536，P < 0.001）；烟垢检出尼古丁，有害重金属元素砷（As）、镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）、铬（Cr）和锰（Mn）等，以及苯并a芘等致癌多环芳烃类物质。78.77%的调查对象对公共场所室内吸烟的行为表示反感或非常反感；对上海市实行公共场所室内全面禁烟政策，仅22.39%的被调查者持反对意见。
结论 部分公共交通等候室及办公场所吸烟室（点）PM2.5超标严重，吸烟室无法有效隔离烟草烟雾污染，烟垢中存在多种有害物质，大部分公众赞成公共场所室内禁烟，本市实行公共场所全面禁烟必要且可行。
Abstract:Objective To study tobacco smoke exposure levels in smoking rooms (areas) within lounges of public transportation facilities and office buildings in Shanghai as well as people's attitude towards smoking ban in public places.
Methods An investigation of tobacco smoke exposure was conducted. Real-time monitoring instruments were used for detecting the concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbonic oxide (CO) in selected monitoring spots:3 smoking rooms (A1, A2, and B) of a Shanghai airport; 2 smoking rooms (C1 and C2) of two railway stations; 1 smoking room (D) of an office building; 1, 3, 5, and 10 m away from each smoking room; 2 m outside (near outdoor smoking areas O1 and O2 respectively), between, and 2 m inside the departure waiting hall gates of the airport. Field observation was performed to estimate user volume of each smoking room. Tobacco soot was collected from air-exhausting pipes of smoking rooms in the airport. A questionnaire investigation was performed among randomly selected passengers on their attitude towards smoking ban. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare air pollutant concentrations of different monitoring spots. Chi-square test was used to compare the difference between groups. Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between PM2.5 concentration and user count in smoking rooms.
Results The PM2.5 levels in each smoking room exceeded the national air pollution level Ⅱ stipulated by the Ambient air quality standards (GB 3095-2012), with a maximum level of 34 800 μg/m3 and exceeding 463 times. Despite varied pollution ranges and exceeding rates among monitored smoking rooms, the PM2.5 concentrations declined with the increasing distance from smoking rooms:smoking rooms > 1 m outside > 3 m outside > 5 m outside > 10 m outside. The exceeding rates from highest to lowest were office building > railway stations > airport due to area and ventilation installation. PM2.5 concentrations in smoking rooms were positively correlated with the number of smokers (r=0.536, P < 0.001). Nicotine, metalsarsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and manganese (Mn), and benzo (a) pyrene were detected in the tobacco soot samples. About 78.77% of the respondents expressed antipathy to smoking in public places and only 22.39% of the respondents opposed the total smoking ban policy in public places of Shanghai.
Conclusion The detected PM2.5 levels in smoking rooms (areas) of public places exceed relevant national standard and setting smoking rooms does not work to isolate tobacco smoke exposure. There are many harmful substances in tobacco soot. Most people approve smoking-free policy. Therefore, smoking-free policy need to be enforced in public places in Shanghai.
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