张雅莉, 吴轲, 蔡美琴. 上海市体校优秀青少年运动员的膳食营养状况[J]. 环境与职业医学, 2017, 34(10): 896-901. DOI: 10.13213/j.cnki.jeom.2017.17270
引用本文: 张雅莉, 吴轲, 蔡美琴. 上海市体校优秀青少年运动员的膳食营养状况[J]. 环境与职业医学, 2017, 34(10): 896-901. DOI: 10.13213/j.cnki.jeom.2017.17270
ZHANG Ya-li, WU Ke, CAI Mei-qin. Nutritional status of elite adolescent athletes in Shanghai Sports School[J]. Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, 2017, 34(10): 896-901. DOI: 10.13213/j.cnki.jeom.2017.17270
Citation: ZHANG Ya-li, WU Ke, CAI Mei-qin. Nutritional status of elite adolescent athletes in Shanghai Sports School[J]. Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, 2017, 34(10): 896-901. DOI: 10.13213/j.cnki.jeom.2017.17270

上海市体校优秀青少年运动员的膳食营养状况

Nutritional status of elite adolescent athletes in Shanghai Sports School

  • 摘要: 目的 了解上海市体育运动学校优秀青少年运动员的膳食摄入及营养情况、身体健康情况。

    方法 以上海市体育运动学校苗子库全体运动员为调查对象,共68名(男39,女29),年龄10~18岁,分属11个运动项目组。根据其年龄及运动项目分为低年龄组球类( < 14岁,包括乒乓球、羽毛球),高年龄组球类(≥ 14岁,包括排球、垒球、篮球、棒球),格斗对抗类(柔道、击剑),田径类和游泳类(包括现代五项)5个组。对运动员能量摄入、宏量营养素、部分维生素及矿物质、膳食结构等膳食摄入情况以及身高、体重、体脂率、体质量指数、血红蛋白水平等进行测量并评价。

    结果 (1)各组运动员能量摄入达到了同年龄同性别重体力活动人群平均需要量,但能量来源不合理。蛋白质及脂肪供能比高于推荐值上限,男运动员蛋白质及脂肪摄入分别为总能量的(16.8±2.7)%和(34.2±5.6)%;女运动员分别为(15.6±3.4%)和(37.1±5.3)%。碳水化合物供能比低于推荐量下限,男运动员为(49.0±5.8)%,女运动员(47.3±5.8)%。各组青少年运动员维生素C、叶酸、钙、锌摄入达推荐摄入量人数比例均低于50%,其余维生素和矿物质达推荐摄入量或适宜摄入量人数均达50%以上。膳食结构分析发现,乳类、水果类、蔬菜类摄入不足,畜禽类摄入量充足。(2)体格检查没有发现运动员存在营养不良体征;体质量指数男运动员为(21.4±4.8)kg/m2,高于女运动员的(19.5±3.0)kg/m2;体脂率男运动员低于女运动员,男女运动员体脂率分别为(17.0±7.3)%和(22.9±6.5)%。血红蛋白水平为男运动员(138±12)g/L,女运动员(128±16)g/L;低血红蛋白总检出率为3.3%。

    结论 上海市优秀青少年运动员存在碳水化合物、维生素C、叶酸、钙、锌摄入不足情况,贫血现象仍然存在。

     

    Abstract: Objective To investigate the dietary intake, nutritional status, and health conditions of elite adolescent athletes in Shanghai Sports School.

    Methods This study quantified and evaluated dietary intake in 68 adolescent recruited to an elite athlete cultivation program (39 males, 29 females), 10-18 years old, from Shanghai Sports School. According to age and sport trained, they were classified as U14 balls group ( < 14 years old, including table tennis and badminton), U18 balls group (≥ 14 years old, including volleyball, softball, basketball, and baseball), fighting events group (including judo and fencing), track and field group, and swimming group (including modern pentathlon). Dietary intake (such as energy, macronutrients, selected vitamins and minerals, and dietary structure) and physical conditions (such as height, weight, body fat percentage, body mass index, and hemoglobin) were measured and evaluated.

    Results (1) All the athletes achieved the daily average energy intake recommended for the same age and gender group doing heavy physical activities, but unreasonable energy source was found. The ratios of both protein and fat to energy were higher than the upper limit of recommended values for boys(16.8±2.7) %, (34.2±5.6) % and girls(15.6±3.4) %, (37.1±5.3%), respectively. The ratios of carbohydrate to energy were (49.0±5.8) % for boys and (47.3±5.8) % for girls, lower than the relevant national recommendations. More than 50% of the participants had sufficient intakes of vitamins and minerals except vitamin C, folate, calcium, and zinc. The intakes of dairy products, fruits, and vegetables were insufficient, whereas the intake of meat was beyond recommendation. (2) No sign of malnutrition was found in the adolescent athletes. The average body mass index and body fat ratio of boys were (21.4±4.8) kg/m2 and (17.0±7.3) %, respectively, and those of girls were (19.5±3.0) kg/m2 and (22.9±6.5) %, respectively. The average hemoglobin levels were (138±12) g/L in boys and (128±16) g/L in girls. The rates of anemia was 3.3%.

    Conclusion Insufficient intakes of carbohydrate, vitamin C, folate, calcium, and zinc, as well as anemia, are found in the elite adolescent athletes in Shanghai.

     

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