黄婕, 张齐光, 张维蔚, 梁伯衡, 张玉华, 王燕燕, 刘于飞. 广州市郊区中小学生营养状况及相关饮食行为分析[J]. 环境与职业医学, 2020, 37(8): 782-786. DOI: 10.13213/j.cnki.jeom.2020.20094
引用本文: 黄婕, 张齐光, 张维蔚, 梁伯衡, 张玉华, 王燕燕, 刘于飞. 广州市郊区中小学生营养状况及相关饮食行为分析[J]. 环境与职业医学, 2020, 37(8): 782-786. DOI: 10.13213/j.cnki.jeom.2020.20094
HUANG Jie, ZHANG Qi-guang, ZHANG Wei-wei, LIANG Bo-heng, ZHANG Yu-hua, WANG Yan-yan, LIU Yu-fei. Nutritional status and related dietary behaviors among school-age children in a suburb of Guangzhou[J]. Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, 2020, 37(8): 782-786. DOI: 10.13213/j.cnki.jeom.2020.20094
Citation: HUANG Jie, ZHANG Qi-guang, ZHANG Wei-wei, LIANG Bo-heng, ZHANG Yu-hua, WANG Yan-yan, LIU Yu-fei. Nutritional status and related dietary behaviors among school-age children in a suburb of Guangzhou[J]. Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, 2020, 37(8): 782-786. DOI: 10.13213/j.cnki.jeom.2020.20094

广州市郊区中小学生营养状况及相关饮食行为分析

Nutritional status and related dietary behaviors among school-age children in a suburb of Guangzhou

  • 摘要: 背景

    饮食行为是影响学龄儿童生长发育、营养状况乃至成年期健康的重要因素。从饮食行为着手改善儿童的营养状况十分重要。

    目的

    了解广州市郊区中小学生饮食行为状况及与营养不良、超重和肥胖等营养状况的关系,为有针对性地制定郊区学生营养改善策略提供理论依据。

    方法

    依托2016年在广州市郊区开展的全国学生常见病及健康危险因素监测项目,采取分层随机整群抽样方法在增城区抽取2所小学、2所初中、1所高中共1 304名9~18岁中小学生,采用问卷调查方式调查学生的年龄、性别等基本情况及过去1周的早餐、新鲜水果、蔬菜、奶类及豆制品、含糖饮料、甜食、油炸食物、西式快餐等饮食行为状况,测量学生的身高、体重,并分析营养不良、超重及肥胖等营养状况。采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法进行构成比及率的比较,采用无序多分类logistic回归对可能引起营养不良、超重和肥胖的相关饮食行为因素进行多因素分析。

    结果

    广州市郊区中小学生每天吃新鲜水果、奶类及豆制品的比例仅为43.87%、30.90%,每周吃2次及以上含糖饮料和油炸食物的比例分别达50.31%、35.28%。学生营养不良检出率为5.21%,超重、肥胖检出率分别为12.96%、6.98%。学生肥胖检出率随着年龄的增加逐渐降低(χ趋势2=12.644,P < 0.001);男生超重检出率(14.95%)高于女生(10.39%)(P < 0.05);16~18岁年龄组男女生营养状况构成差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),男生肥胖检出率(6.25%)高于女生(0)(P < 0.05)。校正年龄、性别、父母文化程度后,多因素logistic回归分析显示:与每天吃1次及以上者相比,每周吃新鲜水果1次及以下的学生,其营养不良的检出率较高(OR=3.20,95% CI为1.59~6.45);每周喝含糖饮料1次及以下者,超重和肥胖的检出率较低,OR及其95% CI分别为0.52(0.31~0.87)、0.37(0.19~0.71);每周吃甜食1次及以下者,超重和肥胖的检出率较高,OR及其95% CI分别为2.73(1.52~4.91)、2.88(1.37~6.01);吃奶类及豆制品频次为每周1天及以下者(相对于每天吃者)的肥胖检出率较高,OR及其95% CI为2.25(1.18~4.29)。

    结论

    广州市郊区中小学生饮食行为与营养状况有关,提高新鲜水果摄入可能降低营养不良的发生,增加奶类及豆制品摄入可能降低肥胖的发生,减少含糖饮料的摄入可能控制体重,预防学生超重和肥胖。

     

    Abstract: Background

    Dietary behaviors are an important factor for the childhood growth and even adulthood health of school-age children. Improving children's dietary behaviors is a pivot for promoting their nutritional status.

    Objective

    This study investigates the dietary behaviors and their relationships with malnutrition, overweight, and obesity among school-age children in a suburb of Guangzhou, and to provide theoretical evidence for making nutrition improvement strategies targeted toward this group.

    Methods

    A total of 1 304 students aged 9-18 years were selected from two primary schools, two middle schools, and one high school in Zengcheng District of Guangzhou in 2016 by a multi-stage stratified random sampling method according to the National Common Diseases and Health Risk Factors Surveillance project. Questionnaire surveys were conducted to collect the students' basic information (including age and gender) and selected dietary behaviors (including the intake frequencies of breakfast, fresh fruits, vegetables, diary and soy products, sugar-sweetened beverages, sweets, fried foods, and western-style fast foods in the past one week). The height and weight of students were measured. Their nutritional status such as malnutrition, overweight, and obesity were also analyzed. The constituent ratios and rates were compared by chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, and the effects of students' dietary behaviors on malnutrition, overweight, and obesity were analyzed by multinomial logistic regressions.

    Results

    Only 43.87% and 30.90% of the students ate fresh fruits and diary & soy products every day, and 50.31% and 35.28% of the students took sugar-sweetened beverages and fried foods at least twice a week, respectively. The prevalence rates of malnutrition, overweight, and obesity were 5.21%, 12.96%, and 6.98%, respectively. The rate of obesity decreased gradually with the increase of age (χtrend2=12.644, P < 0.001). The rate of overweight was higher in boys (14.95%) than in girls (10.39%) (P < 0.05). There was a statistical difference in the nutritional status between boys and girls in the age group of 16-18 years (P < 0.05). The prevalence rates of obesity of boys (6.25%) were higher than that of girls (0) (P < 0.05). After controlling factors such as age, sex, and parents' educational level, the multinomial logistic regression analysis results revealed that, compared to the students eating once a day or more, those taking fresh fruits once a week or less had a higher risk of malnutrition (OR=3.20, 95% CI:1.59-6.45); those taking sugar-sweetened beverages once a week or less had lower risks of overweight and obesity (OR=0.52, 95% CI:0.31-0.87; OR=0.37, 95% CI:0.19-0.71); those eating sweets once a week or less had higher risks of overweight and obesity (OR=2.73, 95% CI:1.52-4.91; OR=2.88, 95% CI:1.37-6.01); those having diary and soy products one day or less per week had a higher risk of obesity (vs. those having every day, OR=2.25, 95% CI:1.18-4.29).

    Conclusion

    The reported dietary behaviors of school-age children in the suburb of Guangzhou are related to their nutritional status. Increasing the intake of fresh fruits may reduce the incidence of malnutrition, increasing the intake of diary and soy products may reduce the incidence of obesity, and reducing the intake of sugar-sweetened beverages may help keep a healthy weight and prevent overweight and obesity of selected students.

     

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