Abstract: With the advancement of communication technology, the duration and intensity of human exposure to radiofrequency (RF) fields from mobile phone have increased exponentially, making the potential health hazards a focus of public concern. This article integrated the characteristics of RF electromagnetic exposure from mobile phone in the current living environment and summarized the latest advancements in research concerning the impacts of RF radiation on neurobehavioral outcomes over the past few years. The results indicate that under certain conditions, RF exposure from mobile phone can induce cognitive or emotional dysfunction and the associated mechanisms affecting the functions of the central nervous system are intricate. Among these, oxidative stress is recognized as one of the pivotal mechanisms. Exposure to RF radiation may disrupt the normal structure and function of neurons by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the body, inducing lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, etc. Additionally, RF exposure can also impact the synthesis and release of neurotransmitters, leading to neurotransmission impairments and neurobehavioral abnormalities. Finally, this article innovatively explored the potential mechanism of RF exposure-induced neurobehavioral changes from the perspective of the gut-brain axis, suggesting that RF exposure may disrupt the balance of intestinal microbiota, thereby influencing the metabolism of neurotransmitters in the brain and ultimately causing abnormalities in central nervous system function.