Advances on Effects of Phthalate Acid Esters on Development of Embryos and Related Mechanism

Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are a common group of plasticizer widely existing in daily life, such as plastic products, cosmetics, food packages, and toys for children. PAEs not only affect endocrine system, but also have chronic toxicities on other organs and systems, such as heart, liver, lung, kidney, and reproductive system. In this systematic review, we discussed the effects of PAEs on different stages of embryos development and potential underlying mechanisms.