Effects and mechanisms of pyrethroid insecticides on male reproductive function
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Graphical Abstract
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Abstract
Pyrethroid insecticides, a class of synthetic insecticides with high efficiency, low toxicity, and broad-spectrum applicability, are widely used in agriculture, forestry, and public places for pest control. In recent years, more and more studies have shown that pyrethroid insecticides may have potentially adverse effects on male reproduction, such as disrupting reproductive hormone levels, reducing sperm concentration and motility, altering sperm morphology, impairing testicular tissue, and inducing germ cell apoptosis. This article focused on recent advances on the effects of pyrethroid insecticides on male reproductive function and their potential mechanisms.
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