Female reproductive toxicity of environmental endocrine disruptors and their roles in development and progression of gynecological tumors
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Graphical Abstract
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Abstract
Environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) refer to a class of exogenous substances or their mixtures widely present in environment that are known to interfere with human endocrine system and the function of natural hormones, leading to organ/tissue damage and diseases. In recent years, there are evident increasing incidences of female estrogen-dependent tumors such as breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and endometrial cancer. A great number of studies indicate that exposure to EEDs is toxic to female reproductive system and one of the underlying etiological factors for developing tumors in hormone-sensitive organs. This paper systematically reviewed phthalates (PAEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and bisphenol A (BPA) about their effects on female reproductive system and their implications in developing gynecological tumors, aiming to provide evidence for further studying gynecological tumor prevention, EEDs toxicity, and pollution prevention and control.
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