Research advance on distributon characteristcs of and populaton exposure to phthalates in air
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Abstract
Phthalates (PAEs) widely exist in indoor and outdoor air as environmental hormone endocrine disruptors, and have adverse effects on human health through inhalation and skin exposure. By reviewing relevant literature at home and abroad, this article described typical sources of PAEs contaminaton, comprehensively analyzed the levels, distributon characteristcs, and causes of distributon differences of PAEs in different forms in indoor and outdoor air across countries and regions, and summarized the PAEs exposure levels of different populatons. Studies have shown that decoraton materials, house wares, personal care products, and medical supplies are the main sources of indoor PAEs polluton, while plastcs and wastes are the main sources of outdoor PAEs polluton. The PAEs levels in indoor and outdoor air in China are higher than the levels in developed countries, and follow certain paterns. Indoor gaseous PAEs concentraton is generally higher than indoor particulate PAEs concentration; outdoor PAEs concentration is higher in urban areas than in suburban areas and oceans, and higher in summer than in winter; indoor PAEs concentraton is higher than outdoor concentraton, both gaseous and partculate. All these indicate that anthropogenic emissions, closed space, temperature, and meteorological conditons affect the concentraton distributon of PAEs. Populaton exposure to PAEs in the air decreases with older age. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP) are the main pollutants in gaseous PAEs in both indoor and outdoor air, while dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and DEHP are the main components of partculate PAEs. Therefore, future research should focus on the PAEs emission characteristcs from different sources and the health risks of PAEs exposure through different pathways, so as to provide a basis for the effectve preventon and control of PAEs in the air.
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